Monday, May 3, 2010

淺談選擇


現今世界,多姿多彩。科技和文明的進步,給我們提供了無限的選擇。晚上回家打開電視﹐有幾百個臺任君選擇。走進超市﹐一種飲料有十幾種口味。買一個手機﹐有這麼多經銷商、這麼多包套、這麼多功能。選擇伴侶﹐再也沒有包辦婚姻;手長腿短、燕瘦環肥,任君選擇。

不可否認,選擇是好的﹐人們有自主權是好的。這樣,我們應該比過去更快樂﹐更滿足。人生應該更愉快、更充實﹐是嗎﹖

但是如果你身邊有這麼快樂的稀有動物﹐那就要介紹給我認識了。事實是﹐我們打開電視﹐按到肌腱作痛﹐也找不到自己想看的節目。走到超市﹐買了一大車東西出來以後﹐還是忘記本來要買的那卷衛生紙。剛買的手機﹐沒幾天就覺得不好用了。唯一比換手機還要快的﹐大概就是換女朋友的速度……

似乎選擇太多,反而會添煩惱。

當人們知道有其他選擇的時候﹐人們往往會對自己的選擇感到不滿意。相反﹐一旦人們知道自己沒有選擇﹐便會把自己的所有當作是最好的。某心理學家曾經做過一個心理實驗﹕他讓兩組人在兩張圖畫中選擇;A組是選了就不能換的﹐B組則是兩個星期以後還可以換。結論,不能換的A組在兩個星期後﹐都表示很喜歡自己選擇的圖畫﹔B組則有大部份人表示不滿意﹐要求要做調換。

很明顯,選擇越多﹐我們越想執行我們的選擇權﹐於是﹐互聯網變慢了﹐車子變小了﹐老婆變蠢了…… 明明一切都沒有變﹐是我們想選擇的欲望膨脹到不行了。

某個果醬品牌設計了24種口味﹐在超市推銷的首日,許多媒體和客戶出現﹐造成空前絕后的轟動。在人潮來看﹐這個活動絕對是成功的。但廠商卻發現﹐銷售量出奇的低。於是廠商這次把口味降到6種。人潮少了,但銷售量高了。這説明了什麼呢﹖那就是沒有選擇和過多選擇都是沒用的。重要的是﹐這選擇要剛好多又不會太多;多到讓人有選擇性﹐又不會多到令人失控。

一旦我們有這麼多選擇﹐花了這麼多時間﹐我們選擇的再也不是一個手機﹐而是一個萬能的手機;期待的再也不僅僅是一個普通的戀愛對象﹐而是一個美似環球小姐﹐慧似聖母瑪麗的完美伴侶。於是﹐期望越高﹐失望越大.

或者少就是多更多的選擇往往不會更好。研究指出,當一個人只有很少的選擇的時候,他的確會更高興,也會有更強烈的動機去作出較正確的選擇。

如果我們能夠作出正確的選擇,那麼幸福就在我們的手中。但是什麼才是正確的選擇呢?

想像一下:現在有兩份工作擺在你的面前,第一份是你覺得很有興趣的工作,年薪三萬;另外一份是很無聊的工作,但是年薪四萬。你的思想會作出鬥爭。試想兩份工作的其它條件都是相等的,你會選擇哪一份?

一般人會習慣性地更看重數字上的差別,而忽視到底那份工作是否有趣。因此,更多的人會選擇那份無聊的工作,即使那份工作讓他們覺得上班很痛苦。但是那多出來的一萬元並非小數,在任何時候都是用得著的。權衡輕重,人人都有不同的優先考顱,正確的選擇就因人而異了。

我們可以選擇做一隻狼,還是做一頭牛。狼的生活可以說是幸福的:牠們位居食物鏈的較上層,往往強勢出擊,大塊吃肉;其它動物,甚至人類都對牠們畏而遠之。然而狼的生活也是悲惨的:牠們昼伏夜出,少見光明;為了生存,常常要挑戰比自己大得多、更危險的對手。可以說牠們的生活處境並不安逸。

     牛則不同。牠們沉默寡言,辛勤勞作;吃的是草,擠出來的是奶;奶盡了,其肉還能供人下膳。在大家的意想當中,牠不求回報,只是付出,世間所有美好的想像都賦予了這样一个載体。正因爲如此,农家們对牛呵護有加,悉心照料。牠們可算是過著幸福的生活吧,但我們都明白牛的最後下場。
     
生活就是一連串的選擇;我們可以決定自己做什麼。做一隻只狼,還是一頭牛,答案就在我們每個人手中。但又有誰人真正知曉對錯呢?有時兩種選擇開始時似乎有天淵之別,其結果又如何?

忘記了從哪裏看過這樣的一個故事:

一個美國人在墨西哥一個海邊魚村的碼頭上漫步,看見一艘小船停泊在那裏,船上有幾條大黃鰭吞拿魚。美國人向那墨西哥船主大讚魚的品質,並問他花多久的時間捕到這些魚。

墨西哥漁夫回答:不一會兒的時間。

美國人:為何不在海上待久一點,捕更多的魚呢?

墨西哥人漁夫:這些魚已足夠家庭所需。

美國人:那你其它時間都在做些什麼?

漁夫:我睡到很晚,釣釣魚,陪孩子玩,和老婆睡個午覺,每晚到村裏喝點酒,跟                                                                                                     朋友彈彈吉他。每天都活得很忙很充實。

美國人:我是哈佛企管碩士,可以幫助你。你應該花更多時間捕魚,接著買艘大一點的船。然後買幾艘船,擁有一支捕魚的船隊。你不用賣魚給中間商,直接把魚賣給加工廠好了。到最後,擁有自己的罐頭工廠。從產品、加工廠,到行銷,完全自己掌控。你可以搬離這個海邊小漁村,到墨西哥市、洛杉磯,最後遷往紐約,在那裏擴張事業。

漁夫:但是,那要花多久的時間?

美國人:大概15年至20年。

漁夫:然後呢?

美國人:接著就是最好的了。如果時機好,你可以在股市挂牌,把公司股票賣給大眾,成為有錢人。你就是百萬富翁了!

漁夫:成為百萬富翁?!然後呢?

美國人:然後你就可以退休了。搬到一個小漁村,你可以睡到很晚,釣釣魚,跟孩子玩一玩,和老婆睡午覺,每晚溜到村裏喝點酒,跟朋友們玩玩吉他……

其實世上選擇多多,最終還是殊途同歸。人生是一段不斷選擇的結果;選擇自己想要, 成為自己想成為的,才是真正的人生。


A Few Words on Choices

Less May Be More

The world of today is truly diverse and colorful; and the advances in civilization and technologies bring us endless choices. Hundreds of television channels are there for you to pick every night when you come home from work. You may get baffled by the dozen plus flavors offered by a single drink at the supermarket. Want to buy a cell phone? You’ve got so many vendors, so many bundles and so many features to choose from. And arranged marriage is all but obsolete, so it’s your own business to be with someone of any size and shape.

No doubt about this: choice is good. With the right and freedom to choose, we are more content, and our lives are more fulfilling than ever. Right?

But let me know if you have such a rare happy species near you. The truth is that, turn on the TV, press the remote control until you develop Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and you won’t find the program you really want. On your way out of the supermarket with a whole cartful of stuff, you realize that you forgot to pick up the toilet tissues that your wife sent you out for. That new cell phone that you just bought last week? It’s not very useful. Perhaps the only thing that you replace faster than your cell phone is your girlfriend…

It appears that too many choices cause more agonies instead.     

When people realize they have more options, they tend to feel dissatisfied with what they have picked. On the contrary, once they know they don’t, then they would stay with their choices. A psychologist performed this experiment: two control groups were told to choose one of two pictures. Subjects in group A were not allowed to change their minds; while those in group B could exchange their pictures in two weeks. The result revealed that all subjects in group A were very happy with their choices after two weeks; while most of those in group B expressed their dissatisfaction and requested a trade.

Apparently, the more options there are, the more we want to exercise our right to choose. Therefore, the Internet slows down, our cars look smaller, and our wives seem dimmer… Nothing has actually changed in anyway; it’s our desire for choices that is inflating out of control.

A fruit jams brand had designed twenty-four flavors. On the day of its supermarket debut, it drew a record number of media and potential buyers. Based on the size of the crowd, this promotion was an absolute success. However the manufacturer later found out that the sale number was peculiarly poor. After it reduced the number of flavors to six, less people came visit, but sales increased. What does this mean? It’s that neither zero choice nor too much of it is beneficial. The key is to provide an appropriate amount of options that allow people to choose and not get overwhelmed.

Once we have so many choices, and spend so much time to decide, what we pick is no longer a “cell phone”; it must be a “do-all smart phone”. We no longer expect an ordinary date; she’s got to be a perfect partner with the look of a Miss Universe and the virtues of Virgin Mary. Hence higher expectations bring greater disappointments.

Perhaps “less is more”; too many choices often do you no good. Studies indicate that when someone is left with fewer options, he is indeed happier, and more motivated to make the better choices.

If we are able to make the right decisions, then we can steer our lives toward happiness. But what is a right pick?

Imagine this: there are two job offers laid in front of you. The first one is very interesting to you and pays $30,000 annually; and the other is a bore but lets you pocket $40,000 a year. Now you have a struggle in you head. All other conditions being equal, which one would you pick?

People in general habitually emphasize on the difference in the dollar amounts, and neglect to consider the merit factor of the jobs. So more people would choose the boring job, even though it could be painful for them to go to work. However, that extra ten grand is no chump change by any standards; you can use it anytime. We all have different priorities and needs to contend with; therefore one choice does not fit all.  

We can choose to be a wolf, or a cow. It can be said that wolves are leading a happy life: they occupy a higher place in the food chain, usually attack with great force and dine with big chunks of meat. Most other animals, and even humans would keep away from them with fear. But their life is sad at the same time: they only come out and hunt in the darkness of night; and for survival they often must take on much larger and more dangerous opponents. They don’t live in peace. 

Cows are different. They don’t complain, and just work. Let them eat grass and you get milk, or beef for dinner. In people’s mind, they only give and ask for nothing in return; all the noble visions and beliefs of the world are carried in these creatures. For this reason, farmers take good care of their cattle. You can argue cows have a happy life, but we all know how it ends.

Life consists of a series of choices; we can decide what to do. To be a wolf or a cow, the answer to that is yours. But who really knows right from wrong? Sometimes two choices seem to head opposite directions at first. And the end result?

There is a story that I had read somewhere:

An American was taking a stroll on the pier at a Mexican seaside village and spotted a boat parked there. Several large yellow-fin tunas were left on the deck. The Yankee praised the quality of the fish and asked the boat owner how long it took for him to catch them.

The Mexican fisherman answered: Not too long.

The American: Why not stay on the sea a little longer and catch more?

Mexican fisherman: These fish are enough to provide for the family.

American: So what do you do the rest the day?

Fisherman: I sleep late, then fish a little, play with the kids for a while, and take a nap with my wife; every evening I’d go to the bar for a drink, and play guitar with some friends. My days are pretty happy and occupied.

American: I am a Harvard MBA, and can help you. You should spend more time fishing, and then buy a bigger boat. After this buy several more, so you can own a fishing fleet. You don’t have to sell your fish to a middleman; sell them to the processing plant directly. Finally get your own cannery, so you can control the whole business from fishing, processing to sale. You’ll then be able to move out of this tiny village, to Mexico City, or Los Angeles, and finally New York, where you can expand your business.

Fisherman: But sir, how long will it take?

American: About 10 to 15 years.

Fisherman: And then?

American: And then comes the best. If timing is good, you can take your company public, and sell its stock at the stock exchanges. Then you’ll be rich, and become a millionaire.

Fisherman: Become a millionaire?! Then what?

American: Then you can retire and move to a seaside village. There you can sleep late, do some fishing, play with your kids a little bit, and take a nap with your wife. In the evening you can go to the bar for a drink, and play guitar with your friends…

Indeed, the many choices that we have in this world may somehow end up achieving the same thing. Life is also a result of never-ending choices. Follow your dream and be what you wish to be; then you will live a true life.